How Indonesia Balances Islam, Hinduism, and Democracy: Lessons in Religious Diversity

Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity coexist in Indonesia, the world’s largest Muslim-majority nation, with constitutional pluralism, Bali’s Hindu heritage, the Garuda Vishnu Kencana monument, and Borobudur symbolizing a distinctive model of religious acceptance, democracy, diversity, and national unity

Indonesia is the world’s most populous Muslim country, home to 12.7% of all Muslims, and one of the most diverse nations, with a distinctive model that harmonizes Islamic identity, democracy, and cultural pluralism. Garuda Vishnu Kencana, the world’s tallest Hindu statue of Lord Vishnu, and Borobudur, the largest Buddhist temple globally, are emblems of Indonesia’s diversity, enshrined in the Constitution as the inclusive national ideology, Pancasila.

Garuda Vishnu Kencana is located on Indonesia’s westernmost Island of Bali, a Hindu enclave and the centrepiece of Indonesian diversity. Hindus account for two percent of the Indonesian population, and around 90%, or around 3.4 million of them, are concentrated in Bali. Virtually every street has a temple dedicated to Hindu gods in Bali, which is among Indonesia’s most developed parts, with just under five percent of the people below the poverty line compared to 12% nationally.

From a backwater to one of the most popular tourist destinations globally, Bali has come a long way over the last four decades. It is also no longer just a beach destination for around 20 million tourists, who visit the island annually. Bali has emerged as a lifestyle destination, a gourmet getaway with an array of gastronomic delights.

Babi guling, traditionally served on special occasions such as weddings, is among the most sought-after dishes at open-air restaurants dotting Bali. Meaning ‘turning pig’, babi guling is the roasted suckling pig dish made with garlic, ginger, and turmeric. Tender and juicy, the delicacy is cooked on a hand-turned skewer over the fire. Foodies relishing the pork dish are a rare sight in a Muslim-majority country like Indonesia. Pork is forbidden in Islam, and Muslims consider pigs unclean. Muslim dietary restrictions are not applicable in Bali, where Hindus are in the majority.

Bali’s Distinct Hindu Heritage

Garuda Wisnu Kencana, the 75m high sculpture, is one of Indonesia’s major cultural landmarks, with Lord Vishnu sitting astride the mythical bird Garuda, who is said to be his companion and vessel. One of the region’s main attractions. Atop Ungasan Hill in the Garuda Vishnu Kencana Cultural Park, it is also the world’s largest copper statue and the third tallest overall.

With a wingspan of 65m, it stands on a pedestal, making its total height (121m) 30m taller than the Statue of Liberty. The statue showcases Vishnu, who is believed to be the preserver and protector of the universal equilibrium, in a meditative state, riding on Garuda’s back with his eyes half closed. 

President Joko Widodo inaugurated the sculpture in September 2018 at a gathering of thousands of people, including the country’s top leaders and one of his predecessors, Megawati Soekarnoputri. Traditional dancers performed, and fireworks lit up the night sky in a grand celebration of Indonesian diversity at the inauguration ceremony of the statue. Widodo, in his address at the event, called the statue, which was completed in 28 years, a historical footprint of Indonesia, a masterpiece, and a source of Indonesia’s pride:

It shows that as a great nation, we have not only inherited extraordinary masterpieces, such as Borobudur and Prambanan, from ancient civilisations, but we are also able, in this contemporary era, to build [a new] civilisation and create [new] cultural masterpieces that are recognised by the world.

Joko Widodo, President, Indonesia

Indonesia’s Hindu Legacy And Religious Pluralism Beyond Bali

Hindus in Indonesia also include converts who adopted Hinduism in the 1960s and 1970s on the neighbouring Java island and over 100,000-strong Indian Hindu diaspora community, mostly Tamils and Sindhis, in places such as the capital Jakarta and Sumatra’s Medan. In the Muslim-majority island of Lombok, both Hindus and Muslims, adhering to the Waktu Telu tradition, pray at the Pura Lingsar Temple complex. Built in 1714, the complex nestled in rice fields is a multi-denominational site for Hindus and the followers of Waktu Telu and includes a lily-covered pond devoted to Lord Vishnu.

Indonesia, where the national airline Garuda is named after the Hindu god Vishnu’s vehicle and the country’s currency notes once carried another deity, Ganesh’s picture, promotes the coexistence and diversity needed to keep together a country of multiple languages, geographies, and faiths.

Indonesia’s moderate and syncretic approach to religion complements its belief in Islam. The ceremony for installing a white and gold statue of Saraswati, the Hindu Goddess of learning and wisdom, to honour the country’s Hindu population on the premises of the Indonesian embassy in Washington in 2013 illustrated this. Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono presided over the ceremony on the Jewish New Year. He made blessings of Saraswati ‘in the name of Allah, the most benevolent,’ and spoke about religious tolerance and Indonesian diversity. 

Saraswati Statue: Islam, Hinduism, and Religious Harmony in Indonesia

Yudhoyono also participated in the ceremony for the statute’s purification. Mayor Anak Agung Gde Agung from Bali’s Badung and the sculptors of the statue performed the ritual for it. They burnt incense and offered palm leaves and fruits to the deity. The holy water needed for the ritual was transported on Yudhoyono’s plane from Bali to avoid restrictions on carrying liquids on regular flights. Agung sprinkled the statue at the ceremony, where Yudhoyono underlined Islam as a religion of peace while denouncing the so-called Islamic State and calling for ‘more love, tolerance, and knowledge.’

Dino Patti Djalal, the then Indonesian Ambassador to the US, told the news website npr.org that the 16-foot-high statue atop a lotus in front of the embassy of the country with the largest Muslim population says a lot about the religious freedom and Indonesian diversity. Sculptors were flown from Bali to carve the statue on-site of the goddess worshipped on Basant Panchami as the embodiment of learning. Yellow is Saraswati’s favourite colour. Basant Panchami is celebrated at the onset of spring when the yellow flowers of the mustard crop bloom. Basant Panchami is celebrated as Hari Raya Saraswati (the great day of Saraswati) in Bali, marking the beginning of the Pawukon calendar. Prayers are organised at homes, educational institutions, and public places to mark the festival.

Indonesia’s Enduring Commitment to Religious Tolerance

Teachers and students dressed in brightly coloured clothes carry cakes and fruits to schools for temple offerings. The installation of the statue was not decided on religious grounds alone, but more for what it symbolised. The Hindu goddesses represent education, creativity, and music. A swan and a peacock flanking Saraswati represent beauty and pride sans ego and vanity.

Saraswati’s idol holds a book depicting learning. A stringed instrument (veena) of the goddess represents the harmonising of mind and body. Prayer beads of Saraswati depict spiritual knowledge. Saraswati represents simplicity and elegance. She is depicted wearing a white dress, representing knowledge for overcoming darkness and ignorance. The statue was installed over a decade and a half after the 9/11 attacks, which globally sparked a virulent form of Islamophobia. Indonesia remains a beacon of hope as state-sponsored bigotry tears apart large parts of the world, with Muslims being mostly at its receiving end. The statue is among its best reminders.

Djalal told NPR.org that the goal of installing it was to have the sculpture as a symbol of religious tolerance. Busts of national heroes and flags otherwise adorn the embassies in Washington’s Embassy Row. Sculptures of Winston Churchill, the UK’s Prime Minister in the 1940s, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Turkish secular republic, and Mahatma Gandhi, in a loincloth and sandals, adorn the British, Turkish, and Indian missions nearby.

At the Saraswati statue installation ceremony, long-sleeved blouses and headscarves of observant Muslims contrasted with the brightly colored, strapless, and tight sarongs of Balinese dancers at the event. In its report on the ceremony, the Huffington Post noted this and added that there were some moments during the celebration, where the faiths abutted but did not clash, and in essence, summed up what Indonesia is about when growing social, political, and cultural polarization across the world has deepened divisions. Islamophobia and anti-immigrant politics are increasingly reinforcing each other. Social media platforms have been weaponized to spread misinformation and amplify hostility toward Muslims. Indonesia stands out as a compelling model for managing diversity without sacrificing democratic values or religious identity.

Indonesia’s Pancasila and Constitutional Pluralism

Indonesia is the world’s third-largest democracy. Indonesians belong to multiple ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and religious groups, and speak over 525 languages. They are bound together by the national ideology (Pancasila), comprising five principles such as humanism, democracy, and social justice enshrined in the Indonesian Constitution of 1945. Pancasila complements the Quranic teachings, which speak about the diversity of tribes, sects, nations, people, races, and languages. It embodies the spirit of the Prophet Muhammad’s modus vivendi, Mithaq-al-Madinah, or the Medina Charter.

Indonesia’s civil society organizations, such as Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah, promote Islam’s progressive interpretations, encourage interfaith dialogue, and actively counter extremism, unlike many societies where political movements are aligned with specific religious or ethnic identities. Indonesia’s constitutional principle, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (unity in diversity), affirms and celebrates the coexistence of diverse ethnic, cultural, and religious communities, fostering a shared national identity.

Indonesia combines democratic governance, economic development, and constitutional pluralism, as many Western democracies struggle to reconcile religious identity, immigration, and liberal democratic values. The Indonesian model of inclusive nationhood and civic-minded religion stands out as divisive identity politics becomes commonplace in an increasingly polarized and digitally connected world.